Cluster-Based Radio Resource Management for D2D-Supported Safety-Critical V2X Communications

Deploying direct device-to-device (D2D) links is a promising technology for vehicle-to-X (V2X) applications. However, intracell interference, along with stringent requirements on latency and reliability, are challenging issues. In this paper, we study the radio resource management problem for D2D-based safety-critical V2X communications. We first transform the V2X requirements into the constraints that are computable using slowly varying channel state information only. Secondly, we formulate an optimization problem, taking into account the requirements of both vehicular users (V-UEs) and cellular users (C-UEs), where resource sharing can take place not only between a V-UE and a C-UE but also among different V-UEs. The NP-hardness of the problem is rigorously proved. Moreover, a heuristic algorithm, called Cluster-based Resource block sharing and pOWer allocatioN (CROWN), is proposed to solve this problem. Finally, simulation results indicate promising performance of the CROWN scheme

Resource Sharing and Power Allocation for D2D-based Safety-Critical V2X Communications

Deploying direct device-to-device (D2D) links is considered an enabler for V2X applications, with intra-cell interference and stringent latency and reliability requirements as challenging issues.We investigate the radio resource management problem for D2D-based safety-critical V2X communications. Firstly, we analyze and transform the V2X latency and reliability requirements into mathematical forms that are computable using only slowly varying channel information. Secondly, we propose a problem formulation fulfilling the requirements of V2X, where resource sharing can take place not only between vehicles and cellular users but also among different vehicles. Moreover, a Resource Block Sharing and Power Allocation (RBSPA) algorithm is proposed to solve this problem. Finally, simulations are presented that indicate promising performance of the proposed RBSPA scheme

Performance study of fixed and moving relays for vehicular users with multi-cell handover under co-channel interference

In this paper, we investigate the power outage probability (OP) of a vehicular user equipment (VUE) device served by half-duplex decode-and-forward relay nodes (RNs) under co-channel interference. Both moving RNs (MRNs) and fixed RNs (FRNs) are studied, and compared with the baseline, base station (BS) to VUE direct transmission. In order to understand the benefit for vehicular users served by an RN, we consider practical channel models for different involved links as well as the impact of handover (HO) between the BS and the RNs. For an accurate comparison, we present a comprehensive framework to optimize the HO parameters, as well as we numerically optimize the FRN position which minimizes the average power OP at the VUE. FRN shows its advantage to serve its nearby VUEs. However, when vehicular penetration loss is moderate to high, MRN assisted transmission greatly outperforms transmission assisted by an FRN as well as direct transmission. Hence, the use of MRNs is very promising for improving the quality-of-service (QoS) of VUEs in future mobile communication systems

Random Broadcast Based Distributed Consensus Clock Synchronization for Mobile Networks

Clock synchronization is a crucial issue for mobile ad hoc networks due to the dynamic and distributed nature of these networks. In this paper, employing affine models for local clocks, a random broadcast based distributed consensus clock synchronization algorithm is proposed. In the absence of transmission delays, we theoretically prove the convergence of the proposed scheme, which is further illustrated by numerical results. In addition, it is concluded from simulations that the proposed scheme is scalable and robust to transmission delays as well as different accuracy requirements

D2D-based V2V Communications with Latency and Reliability Constraints

Direct device-to-device (D2D) communication has been proposed as a possible enabler for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) applications, where the incurred intra-cell interference and the stringent latency and reliability requirements are challenging issues. In this paper, we investigate the radio resource management problem for D2D-based V2V communications. Firstly, we analyze and mathematically model the actual requirements for vehicular communications and traditional cellular links. Secondly, we propose a problem formulation to fulfill these requirements, and then a Separate Resource Block allocation and Power control (SRBP) algorithm to solve this problem. Finally, simulations are presented to illustrate the improved performance of the proposed SRBP scheme compared to some other existing methods

Radio Resource Management for D2D-based V2V Communication

Direct device-to-device (D2D) communication has been proposed as a possible enabler for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) applications, where the incurred intra-cell interference and the stringent latency and reliability requirements are challenging issues. In this paper, we investigate the radio resource management problem for D2D-based V2V communications. Firstly, we analyze and mathematically model the actual requirements for vehicular communications and traditional cellular links. Secondly, we propose a problem formulation to fulfill these requirements, and then a Separate Resource Block allocation and Power control (SRBP) algorithm to solve this problem. Finally, simulations are presented to illustrate the improved performance of the proposed SRBP scheme compared to some other existing methods

Human Primordial Germ Cells Are Specified from Lineage-Primed Progenitors.

In vitro gametogenesis is the process of making germline cells from human pluripotent stem cells. The foundation of this model is the quality of the first progenitors called primordial germ cells (PGCs), which in vivo are specified during the peri-implantation window of human development. Here, we show that human PGC (hPGC) specification begins at day 12 post-fertilization. Using single-cell RNA sequencing of hPGC-like cells (hPGCLCs) differentiated from pluripotent stem cells, we discovered that hPGCLC specification involves resetting pluripotency toward a transitional state with shared characteristics between naive and primed pluripotency, followed by differentiation into lineage-primed TFAP2A+ progenitors. Applying the germline trajectory to TFAP2C mutants reveals that TFAP2C functions in the TFAP2A+ progenitors upstream of PRDM1 to regulate the expression of SOX17. This serves to protect hPGCLCs from crossing the Weismann's barrier to adopt somatic cell fates and, therefore, is an essential mechanism for successfully initiating in vitro gametogenesis